16^th International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Formulations July 26-27, 2018 Rome, Italy

Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental health conditions, disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behaviour. Many people have mental health concerns from time to time. But a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your ability to function. A mental illness can make you miserable and can cause problems in your daily life, such as at school or work or in relationships. In most cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy). But the most efficacious and effective medicine is homoeopathic Medicines. In homoeopathic medicine physician read the mind of the patient and find the medicine that suites best for the patient. The mental symptoms are of special importance in homoeopathic prescribing. Peculiar mental symptoms and special sensations are given primary importance in homoeopathic treatment. As we know that diseases originate in the vital molecular processes, obviously, mental and physical symptoms, whether subjective or objective, are the expressions of these molecular errors. Mind, consciousness, feeling, emotions, understandings, thought, sensations, mental symptoms etc., are the functions of a complex material system, known as brain and nervous system. Homeopathy treats the patient as a whole (in mental and physical plane together) on symptoms’ similarity. Homoeopathy always gives more importance to patient’s subjective feelings and sensations and for their betterment. The unique characteristic symptoms of mind will always be considered as peculiar and characteristic symptom of the patient or individual (individualization). This striking symptom helps in finding out the right remedy for easy cure. Homoeopathy makes an attempt to judge the situation quite differently, homeopathy try to use his intellectual image and select the remedy accordingly. The homoeopathic prescription has the ability to liberate vital energies locked up in the body, so that a healthier self is experienced with a greater sense of vitality, energy and well-being. In all the cases, the homoeopath avoids suppression because this does not cure but simply pushes problems deeper.

Alzheimer’s disease is the main cause of death in the old people which is caused by amyloid beta aggregation (Aβ) in the brain. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the carrier protein in the body which forms the most of the blood plasma proteins. The rational design of drugs is a crucial dispute in pharmaceutical industry. In-silico drug design and discovery studies can be performed by using molecular docking simulation. In this approach, a lead compound is proposed and developed from the discovery stage to the clinical usage. In this study, in order to choose the lead compound the interaction of two anti-Alzheimer drugs (galantamine and tacrine) with HSA is investigated by molecular docking simulation. Based on the lead, ten new compounds are designed. Afterwards, the pharmaceutical properties and toxicity of these new compounds are estimated by using OSIRIS DataWarrior software. Beside molecular docking simulation, the prediction of their pharmaceutical properties assists to discover the new potential drugs. Docking results represent galantamine compared to the tacrine gives not only more stable interaction energy (-112.18 vs -106.45 kcal/mol), but also shows higher ligand efficiency (-6.02 vs -5.22). So, galantamine is chosen as a lead molecule due to the interaction energy. Furthermore, docking results indicate that the new compounds B, G, H and J, compared to the other designed compounds, have the highest interaction energy with HSA (-130.061, -113.086, -119.584, -118.735 kcal/mol). On the other hand, OSIRIS Data Warrior results provide that the compound J lacks the effects of mutagenic, tumorigenic, sterility and irritant. Moreover, for this compound, clogP, drug likeness and drug score are equal to 0.623, 4.761 and 0.892, respectively. So, based on the aformentioned results, compound J in terms of computational results can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. To ensure the medicinal effect of this compound, the biological and laboratory tests should be performed.

Christopher F Tirotta received his BA from Cornell University (USA) in 1982 and his MD from New York University School of Medicine (USA) in 1986. He also received an MBA Degree from Columbia University (USA) in 1999. He completed his internship in Internal Medicine at State University of New York, Stony Brook in 1987. He completed his residency training in Anaesthesiology at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital in 1990; he sub specialized in pediatric and cardiovascular anesthesia, including heart transplantation has been an active member of Nicklaus Children’s Hospital medical staff since 1991, practicing in the Department of Anaesthesiology; he has served as the Director of Cardiac Anesthesia since 2002. He also has a clinical appointment with the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of Miami Leonard M Miller School of Medicine, USA.

Post-operative pain control continues to be a problem in surgical patients. A novel formulation of an ultra-long acting local anesthetic is now available in the US: Exparel or liposomal bupivacaine. Liposomal bupivacaine is made up of microscopic polyhedral particles. The liposomes encapsulate the drug, bupivacaine hydrochloride, without altering molecular structure.This provides the reliable low dose release of the bupivacaine over time, providing long-lasting, post-surgical pain relief over the course of 2-3 days. This eliminates the need for titration of a single dose or the need for external devices or pumps to prolong analgesia. Plasma bupivacaine levels may persist for 96 hours after injection. Peak plasma concentrations are lower in magnitude and occur later in time than after a similar injection with bupivacaine HCl. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations are not correlated with local efficacy. Safety profile was evaluated in 10 clinical trials in patients undergoing a variety of surgical procedures. Most common adverse events were nausea, constipation and vomiting. Exparel demonstrated a favourable cardiac profile. There was no cardiac toxicity and no QTc prolongation, even a supra-therapeutic doses. Rate of absorption is dependent on total dose administered, route of administration and vascularity of the surgical site. Efficacy has been established. Multiple trials demonstrated a significant reduction if pain intensity scores and a reduction if overall opioid consumption compared to placebo. Liposomal bupivacaine is a safe and effective novel drug to treat post-surgical pain.

A study was carried out to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole sulfoxide, the main metabolite of triclabendazole (6-chloro-5-(2,3-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methylthio-benzimidazole) and to assess the bioequivalence of two formulations of oral suspension containing triclabendazole 50 mg/ml each in 36 healthy sheep. In order to determine the relative bioavailability of the test product with respect to the reference product the study was designed as a randomized, crossover study, with administration of a single-dose, under fasting conditions in each of the two study periods. For the determination of triclabendazole sulfoxide sheep plasma concentrations a rapid, selective high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated. The measured plasma concentrations of triclabendazole sulfoxide were used for the determination of bioequivalence between the test product with regards to the reference product. Noncompartmental analysis of the pharmacokinetic data of triclabendazole sulphoxide showed similarity between first-order kinetics of the test and reference product. The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUClast, AUCtot) were determined. The mean values for Cmax were 56.0 (+/-17.1) μg/ml for test and 54.4 (+/-20.1) μg/ml for the reference product. The mean values for the AUClast were 1655.6 (+/-443.9) μg/ml x h for test and 1803.3 (+/-750.6) μg/ml x h for reference product. The mean values for the AUCtot were 1702.4 (+/-445.9) μg/ml x h for test and 1847.7 (+/-755.6) μg/ml xh for reference product, respectively. The mean bioequivalence (mean ratio “Test/Reference”) for Cmax and AUClast is 1.05119 and 0.969058 respectively. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of means of triclabendazole sulphoxide “Test/Reference” are 98.28-112.44% and 87.97-106.75% for Cmax and AUClast, respectively, which lies within the conventional bioequivalence range of 80-125%. The difference between means is not statistically significant for the Tmax of the test and reference products (Friedman and Kruskal Wallis test). It was thus concluded that the test product is bioequivalent to the reference product with regards to the rate and extent the pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole sulfoxide.

Berrin Kucukturkmen has graduated from Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy. She received her MSc on the subject of ocular in situ gelling systems in 2008, followed by a PhD about polymeric/solid lipid nanoparticles and their interaction with glioblastoma cells in 2014 from Ankara University, under Professor Asuman Bozkır. She is currently working as a postdoctoral research assistant at the same university.

New biomaterials applied in guided bone regeneration (GBR) are expected to be biocompatible and are needed to prevent leakage caused by the invasion of peripheral epithelium and connective tissue at the onset of bone formation. In this report, a thermosensitive in situ gelling system was preferred to prevent soft tissue migration to the defect site during bone formation and prolong the residence time of the nanoparticles in this region. It is aimed to promote osteoblast cell activity with minimized dose by providing controlled release of alendronate sodium (AS) loaded in the PLGA nanoparticles. ASloaded PLGA nanoparticles having a particle size of about 100 nm were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. AS was effectively encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles and TEM images revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles. Optimized AS nanoparticles were then dispersed in a thermosensitive Pluronic F127 gelling system. Thermosensitive hydrogel formulation containing nanoparticles significantly prolonged the release of AS over 24 hours. Efficacy of in-situ gel system in combination with PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced bone regeneration was investigated by implanting in 0.5x0.5 cm critical size defect in tibia and femur of New Zealand female rabbits. According to the histopathological results, fibroblast formations were found at defect area after 2 and 8 weeks of post implantation and any healing was observed in the untreated control defect. In contrast, treatment with the in-situ gelling formulation including AS loaded PLGA nanoparticles provided woven-bone formation was observed after 4 weeks of post implantation and mature-bone structures were found after 8 weeks of post implantation.